A2-73 as a therapeutic for insomnia, anxiety and agitation

ABSTRACT

A2-73 is a useful therapeutic in the treatment of humans suffering from insomnia, anxiety or agitation. Particular attention is made to oral daily doses of from about 10 mg to about 50 mg, with particular reference to about 20 to 30 mg.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a Divisional patent application of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 17/750,806 filed May 23, 2022, which is aContinuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/323,457,filed Feb. 5, 2019, which is the U.S. National Phase under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Application No. PCT/US2017/044111, filed Jul. 27,2017, which claims the priority of the U.S. provisional application,62/367,253 filed with the United States Patent and Trademark Office onJul. 27, 2016, with the invention title of “A2-73 as a therapeutic forinsomnia, anxiety, and agitation”, the entire contents of each of whichare herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

A2-73 is a useful therapeutic in the treatment of humans suffering frominsomnia, anxiety or agitation. Particular attention is made to oraldaily doses of from about 10 mg to about 50 mg, with particularreference to about 20 to 30 mg, but further including does of up toabout 100 mg per day. Attention is also directed to A1-41 and A19-144 assimilarly useful therapeutics in insomnia, anxiety or agitation. Alsopresented is a method of moderating systolic blood pressure.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Sleep fragmentation, decreased REM and slow-wave sleep (SWS) andcircadian rhythm dysfunction are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD),causing substantial distress for both patients and their caregivers, andcontributing to early institutionalization. Sleep disturbances are amongthe earliest signs of cognitive decline and may accelerate diseaseprogression but there is a distinct lack of evidence to help guide drugtreatment. Recent work supports a role for sleep in the development ofAD by influencing amyloid beta (Aβ) physiology. Aβ reportedly fluctuateswith the sleep-wake cycle with Aβ levels being higher during wakefulnessand lower during sleep. Relatedly, sleep deprivation in transgenic miceaccelerates Aβ deposition, whereas improvement of sleep decreases it.Amyloid deposition further disrupts sleep, potentially through increasedastrocytosis.

Insomnia can be grouped into primary and secondary insomnia. Primaryinsomnia is a sleep disorder not due to a medical, psychiatric, orenvironmental cause. It is described as a complaint of prolonged sleeponset latency, disturbance of sleep maintenance, or the experience ofnon-refreshing sleep. Conditions that reportedly result in insomniainclude depression, pain, benign prostatic hypertrophy, obstructivesleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, and substance misuse. A diagnosiswill differentiate between primary insomnia, insomnia as secondary toanother condition, and primary insomnia co-morbid with one or moreconditions.

Agitation often accompanies dementia and often precedes the diagnosis ofcommon age-related disorders of cognition such as Alzheimer's disease.More than 80% of people who develop AD eventually become agitated oraggressive.

Occasional anxiety is a normal part of life. Anxiety disorders arecharacterized by frequent intense, excessive and persistent worry andfear about everyday situations. The disorders often involve repeatedepisodes of sudden feelings of intense anxiety and fear or terror thatreach a peak within minutes (panic attacks).

Reference is made to1-(2,2-diphenyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride(ANAVEX™19-144, or A19-144). A19-144 is a compound which is believed tobind to muscarinic acetylcholine and sigma-1 receptors with affinitiesin the low micromolar range. A19-144 functions similarly to A2-73.Reference is similarly made totetrahydro-N,N-dimethyl-5,5-diphenyl-3-furanmethanamine hydrochloride(Anavex1-41). Further, note is made oftetrahydro-N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenyl-3-furanmethanamine hydrochloride(ANAVEX™2-73, AV2-73, or A2-73) in methods of treatment forneurodevelopmental disorders (U.S. Ser. No. 62/287,062).

Sigma-1 (σ1) receptors are small proteins located in the endoplasmicreticulum (ER), in the subregion contacting the mitochondria. Theyregulate NMDA receptors and have been reported as reducing mitochondrialdysfunction and oxidative stress. Reportedly, in the absence of Aβaggregation, there is: i) neuronal coupling of lactate with diurnal Aβoscillations; and, ii) glutamate supply back to neurons by theastrocytes, as a mechanism involved in the fine tuning of sleeposcillations. According to the “astrocyte-neuron-lactate shuttlehypothesis” (Petit et al., “Regulation of neuron-astrocyte metaboliccoupling across the sleep-wake cycle,” Neurosci 323:135-156 (2016)),lactate coupling with diurnal oscillation of Aβ could be lost after Aβaggregation, as astrocytes responsible for clearing Aβ become mobilizedmoving toward plaques. This is believed to initiate a positive feedbackloop in which astrocytes no longer metabolize Aβ or remove glutamatefrom nearby neurons, leading to further aggregation of Aβ and toneuronal injury due to glutamate excitoxicity. In parallel, this isbelieved to increase sleep fragmentation due to increasedhyperexcitability of glutamate neurons and to loss of synchronizedactivation of neuronal columns during sleep.

Literature reports evidence linking high blood pressure to increasedrisk of cognitive decline and dementia. Anti-hypertensive medicationsreportedly protect the brain from AD. Østergaard et al., “Associationsbetween Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors and Alzheimer Disease: AMendelian Randomization Study,” PLOS Medicine (Jun. 16, 2015https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001841).

Note is made of the following publications, the teachings of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety (as are allpublications cited herein):

-   U.S. Ser. No. 13/940,352 (Vamvakides et al.), PCT/US16/42937,    PCT/US16/42949 and PCT/US16/42958.-   Zadnys et al., “Sleep Disturbances in the Elderly,” Psychiatr Clin    North Am. 2015 December; 38(4):723-41;-   Khalsa, “Stress, Meditation, and Alzheimer's Disease Prevention:    Where The Evidence Stands,” J Alzheimers Dis. 2015; 48(1):1-12;-   Liu et al, “Pharmacological management of agitation and aggression    in Alzheimer's Disease: a review of current and novel treatments,”    Curr Alzheimer Res. 2016 May 2;-   Kuiper et al., “Comparison of cognitive functioning as measured by    the Ruff Figural Fluency Test and the CogState computerized battery    within the LifeLines Cohort Study,” BMC Psychol. 2017 May 12;    5(1):15. doi: 10.1186/s40359-017-0185-0;-   Karmail et al., “Global Risk Assessment to Guide Blood Pressure    Management in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention,” Hypertension.    2017; 69: e2-e9-   Darby et al., “Intraindividual cognitive decline using a brief    computerized cognitive screening test,” Alzheimer's and Dementia,    8(2), 95-104 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2010.12.009-   Maruff et al., “Clinical utility of the Cogstate brief battery in    identifying cognitive impairment in mild cognitive impairment and    Alzheimer's disease.” BMC Pharmacology & Toxicology, 1:30 (2013)-   A. J Larner, Cognitive Screening Instruments: A Practical Approach,    Springer; 2nd ed. 2017 edition (2016).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention encompasses a method for treating insomnia, anxiety, oragitation in a subject in need of such therapy. Particular note is madeof subjects suffering from Alzheimer's disease. The method comprises thestep of administering to the subject pharmaceutically effective amountof a pharmaceutical selected from the group consisting of Anavex™2-73(also termed A2-73), A1-41 or A19-144, and optionally as a dosage formcomprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The method ofadministering is selected from the group consisting of oraladministration, subcutaneous injection, intravenous injection,intraocular injection, intradermal injection, intramuscular injection,intraperitoneal injection, intratracheal administration, inhalation,intranasal administration, sublingual administration, buccaladministration, rectal administration, vaginal administration, ortopical administration.

The method contemplates a pharmaceutically effective amount is fromabout 10 mg to about 100 mg per day or more. Particular reference ismade to a daily pharmaceutically effective amount of from about 10 mg toabout 50 mg, and particularly from about 20 mg to about 30 mg.

The practice of the method draws particular attention to the use ofA2-73, administering by oral dosing and administering is daily, everyother day, or for about 10 or more days out of 30 days. Chronic dosingis contemplated.

Further contemplated is a method for treating insomnia, anxiety, oragitation in a subject in need of such therapy and further exhibitingsystolic hypertension, comprising the step of administering to thesubject pharmaceutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical selectedfrom the group consisting of A2-73, A1-41 or A19-144.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 presents MMSE mean scores over 31 weeks of A2-73 dosing.

FIG. 2 is a graphic representation of ADCS-ADL data over 31 weeks ofA2-73 dosing.

FIG. 3 presents data on both MMSE MCI and Mild-to-Moderate Patients over31 weeks of A2-73 dosing.

FIG. 4 presents data on both ADCS-ADL MCI and Mild-to-Moderate Patientsover 31 weeks of A2-73 dosing.

FIG. 5 presents data on MMSE ANAVEX 2-73 Alone vs with Donepezil over 31weeks.

FIG. 6 presents data on ADCS-ADL ANAVEX 2-73 Alone vs with Donepezilover 31 weeks.

FIG. 7 is a graph of ANAVEX 2-73 treatment demonstrating reduction inoverall Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) after 31 weeks.

FIG. 8 is a chart of Anavex 2-73 improving components of cogstate tasks.

FIG. 9 presents EEG/ERP data showing ANAVEX 2-73 Rescues CognitiveEffects on a Cellular Level.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that thatANAVEX 2-73 as well as A1-41 and A19-144 reduce glutamate toxicity,oxidative stress and consequently improve sleep efficiency through σ1agonism, and improved REM sleep duration and sleep efficiency thoughM₁₋₂ muscarinic agonism. In a phase-2A trial performed on a group of 30community-dwelling mild AD patients with a DSM-5 diagnosis of insomniadosing with ANAVEX 2-73 (a sigma-1 and muscarinic receptor agonist), thepatients showed marked insomnia improvements at 12 weeks.

A2-73 is a useful therapeutic in the treatment of humans suffering frominsomnia, anxiety or agitation. Particular attention is drawn to oraldaily doses of from about 10 mg to about 50 mg and up to 100 mg, withparticular reference to about 20 to 30 mg. Attention is also directed toA1-41 and A19-144 as similarly useful therapeutics in insomnia, anxietyor agitation.

This invention will be better understood with reference to the followingdefinitions:

The term “pharmaceutically effective amount” as used herein as toinsomnia refers to a dose or quantity that causes improvement in atleast one objective or subjective sleep parameter deficiency associatedwith insomnia including, but not limited to: difficulty falling asleep;difficulty maintaining sleep; decrease in total sleep time; persistentwaking after sleep onset (WASO); and poor sleep quality.

Although the present invention calls for methods of treating insomnia,some primary sleep disorders, such as circadian rhythm disorders,advanced sleep phase disorder also termed sleep onset insomnia,mid-nocturnal insomnia, early morning insomnia, hyper insomnia, troublestaying asleep, jet lag, narcolepsy, non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome,include insomnia as a component of the disorder. Thus, the term“insomnia” should be understood to also include the insomnia componentof these disorders.

-   -   Aβ—Amyloid beta is abbreviated as Aβ.    -   AD—Alzheimer's disease is abbreviated as AD.    -   ADCS-ADL—Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study Activities of        Daily Living Inventory is abbreviated as ADCS-ADL.    -   Cogstate tasks—Cogstate tasks refers to Cogstate cognitive tests        (Cogstate Alzheimer's Battery) using visual and verbal stimuli        to ensure assessment. These tests assess cognitive function in        adults with mild cognitive impairment and clinically-diagnosed        Alzheimer's disease. The test is culture-neutral and not limited        by a subject or participant's level of education. A Cogstate        battery comprises a number of individual tests—each designed to        test a specific area of cognition. When a number of these        individual tests are put together to form a test battery, a more        complete picture of a person's cognitive state can be defined.    -   DPZ—Donepezil is abbreviated as DPZ.    -   EEG/ERP—EEG/ERP is a reference to ERP measured via EEG.    -   ERP—Event-related potential is abbreviated as ERP.    -   HAM-D—Hamilton Depression Rating Scale is abbreviated as HAM-D.    -   MCI—Mild cognitive impairment is abbreviated as MCI.    -   MMSE—MMSE refers to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) or        Folstein test.        This test is a 30-point questionnaire that is used extensively        in clinical and research settings to measure cognitive        impairment.    -   SWS—Slow-wave sleep is abbreviated as SWS.    -   WASO.—Waking after sleep onset is abbreviated WASO.

An event-related potential (ERP) is the measured brain response that isthe direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event. Moreformally, it is any stereotyped electrophysiological response to astimulus. The study of the brain in this way provides a noninvasivemeans of evaluating brain functioning. ERPs are measured by means ofelectroencephalography (EEG).

The safety and efficacy of A2-73 has been studied Phase 2a Study inmild-moderate Alzheimer's disease patients. A study of 32 patients withmild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) demonstrated a favorablesafety and tolerability/risk profile for A2-73. Without being bound byany particular theory, it is believed that A2-73 activates thestress-reducing and survival protein, the Sigma-1 receptor.

Efficacy data is presented through 31 week from the randomized (intodifferent treatment regimens) open-label study with ANAVEX 2-73 oraldaily dosing ranging from 10 mg to 50 mg. The data establish a methodfor treating insomnia, anxiety, or agitation in a subject. Efficacyextends to daily doses of up to about 100 mg of A2-72, A1-41 or A19-144.Note is made of doses of A2-73, A1-41 or A19-144 of about 10 mg to about30 mg, about 20 mg to about 40 mg, about 50 mg to about 80 mg. Oraldosing daily or every other day is contemplated.

Particular efficacy data measurements addressed cognition and function.Cognitive measures include MMSE and Cogstate battery. Functionalmeasures were ADCS-ADL. Supportive Biomarker Measurements include ERP(P300): fundamental measures of synaptic network performance and targetengagement. ERP target detection task measures is a direct measure ofattention, speed of brain processing, and simple functional performance.

FIG. 1 presents MMSE mean scores over 31 weeks. Statistical analysis ofMMSE revealed no other grouping factors (sex, ApoE4, age, donepezil,baseline value) influencing the analysis. Statistical analyses alsorevealed overall A-MMSE-scores maintained at the same level and effectswere confirmed with Bayesian inference calculations. In a disease statewhere progression is invariable over time, a stable MMSE scorerepresents a positive outcome treating insomnia, anxiety, or agitation.

FIG. 2 is a graphic presentation of ADCS-ADL data. Data speaks to aquality of life score ADCS-ADL (Activities of Daily Living), here, asmaintained through week 31 of A2-73 dosing. ADCS-ADL-A-scores were alsomaintained at a constant level through week 31 and effects wereconfirmed with Bayesian inference calculations. Again, in a diseasestate where progression is invariable over time as is the case here, astable ADCS-ADL score is considered a positive outcome.

FIG. 3 presents data on both MMSE MCI and Mild-to-Moderate Patients.Given unequal sample size, data after stratification are consideredpreliminary. Similar effect are noted on MMSE in both MCI andMild-to-Moderate AD patients.

FIG. 4 presents data on both ADCS-ADL MCI and Mild-to-Moderate Patients.Similar ADCS-ADL score effect between MCI and Mild-to-Moderate ADpatients are noted.

FIG. 5 presents data on MMSE ANAVEX 2-73 Alone vs A2-73 in combinationwith donepezil. Similar MMSE score effect and no notable differencebetween exploratory analysis of ANAVEX 2-73 alone and ANAVEX 2-73 withDPZ are noted.

FIG. 6 presents data on ADCS-ADL ANAVEX 2-73 Alone vs A2-73 incombination with donepezil. Similar ADCS-ADL score and no notabledifference between exploratory analysis of ANAVEX 2-73 alone and ANAVEX2-73 with DPZ are noted.

FIG. 7 of ANAVEX 2-73 treatment demonstrates reduction in overallHamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) after 31 weeks of dosing withA2-73. This is consistent with Table 1 showing a reduction in insomnia,anxiety, and other symptoms.

TABLE 1 Scored Improvement Improved Items of HAM-D Count in [%] Insomnia 8 29% Work and activities  6 21% Anxiety (psychic and  5 18% somatic)Agitation  4 14% Depressed  4 14% Insight  3 11% Hypochondriasis  2  7%Loss of libido or other  2  7% genital symptoms Guilt  1  4% Total 28

The data of Table 1 is from an open-label, clinical trial, performed ona group of 30 mild-to-moderate AD patients (MMSE range 16-23, 40%female) on donepezil treatment, with ANAVEX 2-73. Patients showed markedimprovements on subjective reports of insomnia (the sleep items of theHamilton Depression Rating scale, HAM-D) (see also, Table 2) frombaseline to week 12 (t=4.2; p<0.05). Changes in other behavioral itemswere not statistically significant. Anavex 2-73 at 30 mg was welltolerated with the most common adverse events (AEs) being mild dizziness(5%) and headache (10%), and no significant changes in clinical labs andEKGs.

TABLE 2 Insomnia HAM-D Baseline Mean ± SD Day 13 Mean ± SD Week 12/26Mean ± SD Q4 Initial   2 ± 0.0   2 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 Insomnia Q5 Middle1.5 ± 0.7 1.0 ± 1.4 0.0 ± 0.0 Insomnia Q6 Late 1.6 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ±0.0 Insomnia Q4. Insomnia Early 0 = No difficulty in falling asleep 1 =Complains of occasional difficulty in falling asleep - i.e., more than1/2 hour 2 = Complains of nightly difficulty falling asleep Q5. InsomniaMiddle 0 = No difficulty 1 = Patient complains of being restless anddisturbed in the night 2 = Waking during the night - any getting out ofbade rates 2 (except for the purposes of voiding) Q6. Insomnia late 0 =No difficulty 1 = Waking in the early hour of the morning but goes backto sleep 2 = Unable to fall asleep again if patient gets out of bed

FIG. 8 is a chart of Anavex 2-73 improving components of cogstate tasks.ANAVEX 2-73 treatment demonstrates reduction in overall HamiltonDepression Rating Scale (HAM-D) after 31 weeks. Over 31 weeks oftreatment, ANAVEX 2-73 was associated with a sustained benefit inpsychomotor function, attention and working memory. The specificity andconsistency of these benefits establish that ANAVEX 2-73 sustainsactivation of attentional and working memory functions with repeateddosing in Alzheimer's disease.

Table 3 and FIG. 9 presents EEG/ERP data that ANAVEX 2-73 RescuesCognitive Effects on a Cellular Level on the subjects of the Phase 2astudy.

TABLE 3 Baseline 5 Week 17 Week 31 Week Healthy Control P300  5.99 ±0.58  7.09 ± 0.72  6.38 ± 0.61  5.93 ± 0.77  7.36 ± 0.39 Amplitude (μV)Task Accuracy  83.8 ± 3.8  92.6 ± 2.4  92.2 ± 3.9  88.1 ± 4.4  94.1 ±1.1 (%) False Alarms  3.4 ± 1.0  1.0 ± 0.5  1.2 ± 0.9  2.6 ± 1.2  1.1 ±0.2 (%) Reaction Time 559.0 ± 24.0 492.6 ± 23.8 498.8 ± 24.8 521.8 ±28.1 458.6 ± 11.4 (ms) Data are mean ± SEM * p > 0.0007

ANAVEX 2-73 effect on synaptic networks and effect on cognition andbehavior at daily doses of 10 mg-50 mg is shown. ERP peak measures(P300) are shown. The P300 (P3) wave is an event related potential (ERP)component elicited in the process of decision making. It is consideredto be an endogenous potential, as its occurrence links not to thephysical attributes of a stimulus, but to a person's reaction to it.More specifically, the P300 is thought to reflect processes involved instimulus evaluation or categorization. ERP target detection task is adirect measure of attention, speed of brain. processing, and simplebehavioral performance. Psychometric measures (Cogstate) cognitivemeasures: Detection: processing speed (psychomotor function),Identification: reaction time (attention), One Back: working memory(cognition), One Card Learning: visual learning (visual memory), ISLT:verbal learning, ISLT-delay: verbal memory. Psychometric measures(MMSE): cognitive measures. Behavioral measures (ADCS-ADL): behavioralmeasures. Notably, FIG. 9 shows that all tested areas exhibitedimprovement at 5 weeks as compared with the starting baseline (hence,absent expected decline).

Oral daily doses of ANAVEX 2-73 ranging from 10 mg to 50 mg exhibit aconverging and consistent response for all measurements (MMSE, ADCS-ADL,Cogstate, EEG/ERP) throughout 31 weeks (7 months) of ANAVEX 2-73treatment. Patient retention rate at week 31 was 84%. Treatment ofANAVEX 2-73 and related drugs demonstrates reduction in overall HAM-Dscore after 31 weeks, notably through reductions in insomnia, anxietyand agitation. Seventeen week data as well as 31 week data of allavailable patients demonstrate that ANAVEX 2-73 preserves average MMSEand ADCS-ADL scores across the entire patient group. In a disease statewhere progression is invariable over time, a stable MMSE and ADCS-ADLscore is considered a positive outcome. When the group is tentativelystratified into mild to moderate and MCI (mild cognitive impaired) ADpatients, no significant difference was observed within the MMSE or theADCS-ADL score, respectively. Likewise, when tentatively stratifiedbetween ANAVEX 2-73 alone and ANAVEX 2-73 PLUS donepezil administration,no significant difference was observed within the MMSE or the ADCS-ADLscore, respectively. For cognitive assessment using the Cogstate testbatteries, ANAVEX 2-73 continues to show benefits over baseline at 17weeks and 31 weeks. ANAVEX 2-73 related improvement in psychomotorfunction, attention and working memory are preserved through 17 weeksand 31 weeks of treatment. Repeated-measures ANOVA reveals that Cogstatevalues maintained the baseline values through week 31.

An additional benefit of the therapeutic regimen disclosed herein is thebeneficial control of systolic blood pressure in AD subjects takingdaily oral dosages of A2-73 of from about 10 mg to about 50 mg. Systolicblood pressure was monitored over the first 25 days of dosing. A1-41 andA19-144 are similarly useful therapeutics.

Table 4 shows that A2-73 therapy significantly reduced systolic bloodpressure in hypertensive subjects with greater reduction forincreasingly hypertensive subjects. And further surprisingly, systolicblood pressure rose is subjects that exhibited high-normal systolicblood pressure.

TABLE 4 Baseline Day 25 − Mean Mean Baseline systolic systolicHypertension No. BP No. BP Classification Subjects [mm Hg] Subjects [mmHg] [mm Hg] (beginning) ±SD Day 25 ±SD Change <120  3 115 ± 2  2 123 ±11    8 Pre 12 131 ± 6 12 122 ± 15  −9 Hypetension 120-139 Hypertension10 145 ± 3 10 129 ± 12 −16 Stage 1: 140-159 Hypertension  5 170 ± 8  5148 ± 19 −22 Stage 2: 160- 179 Hypertensive  2 185 ± 0  2 159 ± 43 −27crisis >180

Example 1 Maintenance Insomnia Therapy

A 48 year old female presents as suffering from maintenance insomnia forone year. She is started on oral A2-73 at 10 mg/day. Follow up at 30days of daily dosing reveals she is sleeping well. She is currentlymaintained on 10 mg of A2-73 and is sleeping well.

Example 2 Anxiety Therapy

A 51 year old female presents with anxiety of three years' duration. Sheis administered A2-73 at 20 mg oral per day every other day. Resolutionof the anxiety is noted after two days of dosing. She is maintained onthis dosing schedule for 60 days.

Example 3 Agitation Therapy

The patient is a 29-year-old male exhibiting agitation. He is treatedwith 30 mg A2-73 oral daily for 30 days. Clinical evaluation revealsnormal affect without agitation, depression, anxiety, or substance use.He is currently maintained at that dosage and is not anxious.

Example 4 Maintenance Insomnia Therapy

A 68 year old female presents with MCI and reports maintenance insomniafor one year. She is started on oral A1-41 at 10 mg/day. Follow up at 30days of daily dosing reveals she is sleeping well. She is currentlymaintained on 10 mg of A1-41 and is sleeping well.

Example 5 Anxiety Therapy

The patient is a 52 year old female with diagnosed AD and reportedanxiety of three years' duration. She is administered A19-144 at 20 mgoral per day every day for 90 days. Resolution of the anxiety is notedafter two days of dosing. She is chronically maintained on this dosingschedule.

Example 6 Maintenance Insomnia Therapy in MIC

A 66 year old male diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment presents assuffering from maintenance insomnia for one year. He is started on oralA2-73 at 50 mg/day. Follow up at 30 days of daily dosing reveals he issleeping well. He is currently maintained on 50 mg of A2-73 daily and issleeping well.

Example 7 Maintenance Insomnia Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease RelatedInsomnia and Agitation

A 72 year old male diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease presents withinsomnia/WASO and agitation and a systolic blood pressure of 145 mm Hg.He is started on oral A2-73 at 30 mg/day. Follow up at 30 days of dailydosing reveals he is sleeping well through the night and not waking uprepeatedly and his systolic BP is 129. He is also less agitated. Hisresults on all cognitive tests and HAM-D improve. He is currentlymaintained on 30 mg of A2-73 daily.

Example 8 Maintenance Insomnia Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease RelatedInsomnia and Agitation

A 72 year old male diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease presents withinsomnia/WASO and agitation. He is started on oral A2-73 at 100 mg/day.Follow up at 30 days of daily dosing reveals he is sleeping well throughthe night and not waking up repeatedly. He is also less agitated. Hisresults on all cognitive tests and HAM-D improve. He is currentlymaintained on 100 mg of A2-73 every other day.

Example 9 Maintenance Insomnia Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease RelatedInsomnia and Agitation

A 77 year old male diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease presents withinsomnia/WASO and agitation. He is started on oral A19-144 at 50 mg/day.Follow up at 30 days of daily dosing reveals he is sleeping well throughthe night and not waking up repeatedly. He is also less agitated. Hisresults on all cognitive tests and HAM-D improve. He is currentlymaintained on 50 mg of A19-144 daily.

Example 10 Maintenance Insomnia Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease RelatedInsomnia and Agitation

A 77 year old male diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease presents withinsomnia/WASO and agitation. He is started on oral A1-41 at 30 mg/day.Follow up at 60 days of daily dosing reveals he is sleeping well throughthe night and not waking up repeatedly. He is also less agitated. Hisresults on all cognitive tests and HAM-D improve. He is currentlymaintained on 30 mg of A1-41 daily.

The pharmacologically active compositions of this invention can beprocessed in accordance with conventional methods of Gaenlic pharmacy toproduce medicinal agents for administration to subjects, e.g., mammalsincluding humans.

The compositions of this invention individually or in combination areemployed in admixture with conventional excipients, i.e.,pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic carrier substancessuitable for parenteral, enteral (e.g., oral or inhalation) or topicalapplication which do not deleteriously react with the activecompositions. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include butare not limited to water, salt solutions, alcohols, gum Arabic,vegetable oils, benzyl alcohols, polyethylene glycols, gelatin,carbohydrates such as lactose, amylose or starch, magnesium stearate,talc, titanium dioxide, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, perfume oil,fatty acid esters, hydroxy methylcellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, etc.The pharmaceutical preparations can be sterilized and if desired mixedwith auxiliary agents, e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers,wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure,buffers, coloring, flavoring and/or aromatic substances and the likewhich do not deleteriously react with the active compositions. They canalso be combined where desired with other active agents, e.g., vitamins.

In some embodiments of the present invention, dosage forms includeinstructions for the use of such compositions.

For parenteral application, particularly suitable are injectable,sterile solutions, preferably oily or aqueous solutions, as well assuspensions, emulsions, or implants, including suppositories. Ampules,vials, and injector cartridges are convenient unit dosages.

1. A dosage form comprising a therapeutically effective amount of anactive pharmaceutical agents selected from the group consisting of:tetrahydro-N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenyl-3-furanmethanamine hydrochloride(A2-73), tetrahydro-N,N-dimethyl-5,5-diphenyl-3-furanmethanaminehydrochloride (A1-41),1-(2,2-diphenyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride(A19-144), and any combination thereof, wherein the therapeuticallyeffective amount is effective for the concurrent treatment of insomniaand agitation in a subject in need thereof.
 2. The dosage form of claim1, wherein the dosage form is selected from the group consisting of anoral dosage form, a subcutaneous dosage form, an intravenous dosageform, an intraocular dosage form, an intradermal dosage form, anintramuscular dosage form, an intraperitoneal dosage form, anintratracheal dosage form, an inhalable dosage form, an intranasaldosage form, a sublingual dosage form, a buccal dosage form, a rectaldosage form, a vaginal dosage form, and a topical dosage form.
 3. Thedosage form of claim 1, wherein the therapeutically effective amount isfrom about 10 mg to about 100 mg.
 4. The dosage form of claim 1, whereinthe therapeutically effective amount is from about 30 mg to about 100mg.
 5. The dosage form of claim 1, wherein the one or more activepharmaceutical agent comprises A2-73, A1-41, A19-144, a combination ofA2-73 and A1-41, a combination of A2-73 and A19-144, a combination ofA1-41 and A19-144, or a combination of A2-73, A19-144 and A1-41.
 6. Thedosage form of claim 1, wherein the dosage form is an oral dosage formcomprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 7. The dosage form ofclaim 1, wherein the dosage form is an oral dosage form and thetherapeutically effective amount comprises about 30 mg to about 100 mgof A2-73, about 50 mg of A 19-144, or about 30 mg of A1-41.
 8. Thedosage form of claim 1, wherein the dosage form further comprises atherapeutically effective amount of an additional active pharmaceuticalagent, wherein the additional active pharmaceutical agent istherapeutically effective for an indication other than insomnia andagitation.
 9. The dosage form of claim 8, wherein the additional activepharmaceutical agent comprises an anti-hypertension agent oranti-Alzheimer agent.
 10. The dosage form of claim 8, wherein theadditional active pharmaceutical agent comprises Donepezil.
 11. A methodof treating insomnia and agitation in a subject in need thereof,comprising administering to the subject a dosage form comprising atherapeutically effective amount of an active pharmaceutical agentselected from the group consisting of:tetrahydro-N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenyl-3-furanmethanamine hydrochloride(A273), tetrahydro-N,N-dimethyl-5,5-diphenyl-3-furanmethanaminehydrochloride (A1-41),1-(2,2-diphenyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride(A19-144), and any combination thereof, wherein the therapeuticallyeffective amount is effective for the concurrent treatment of insomniaand agitation in the subject.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein thetherapeutically effective amount is from about 30 mg to about 100 mg.13. The method of claim 11, wherein the administering is daily or everyother day.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the administering is forat least about 10 days out of 30 days.
 15. The method of claim 11,wherein the subject is a human.
 16. The method of claim 11, wherein thesubject suffers from Alzheimer disease-related insomnia and agitation.17. The method of claim 11, wherein the subject further suffers fromhigh blood pressure.
 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the subject isa human subject experiencing Alzheimer's disease-related insomnia andagitation, the one or more active pharmaceutical agent is A2-73 in anoral dosage form, and the therapeutically effective amount is from about30 mg to about 100 mg.
 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the subjectis a human subject experiencing Alzheimer's disease-related insomnia andagitation, the one or more active pharmaceutical agent is A19-144 inoral dosage form, and the therapeutically effective amount is about 50mg.
 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the subject is a human subjectexperiencing Alzheimer's disease-related insomnia and agitation, the oneor more active pharmaceutical agent is of A1-41 in an oral dosage form,and the therapeutically effective amount is about 30 mg in an oraldosage form.